import ctypes, os, sys
from ctypes import *

_int_types = (c_int16, c_int32)
if hasattr(ctypes, "c_int64"):
    # Some builds of ctypes apparently do not have c_int64
    # defined; it's a pretty good bet that these builds do not
    # have 64-bit pointers.
    _int_types += (c_int64,)
for t in _int_types:
    if sizeof(t) == sizeof(c_size_t):
        c_ptrdiff_t = t
del t
del _int_types


def POINTER(obj):
    p = ctypes.POINTER(obj)

    # Convert None to a real NULL pointer to work around bugs
    # in how ctypes handles None on 64-bit platforms
    if not isinstance(p.from_param, classmethod):

        def from_param(cls, x):
            if x is None:
                return cls()
            else:
                return x

        p.from_param = classmethod(from_param)

    return p


class UserString:
    def __init__(self, seq):
        if isinstance(seq, bytes):
            self.data = seq
        elif isinstance(seq, UserString):
            self.data = seq.data[:]
        else:
            self.data = str(seq).encode()

    def __bytes__(self):
        return self.data

    def __str__(self):
        return self.data.decode()

    def __repr__(self):
        return repr(self.data)

    def __int__(self):
        return int(self.data.decode())

    def __long__(self):
        return int(self.data.decode())

    def __float__(self):
        return float(self.data.decode())

    def __complex__(self):
        return complex(self.data.decode())

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(self.data)

    def __cmp__(self, string):
        if isinstance(string, UserString):
            return cmp(self.data, string.data)
        else:
            return cmp(self.data, string)

    def __le__(self, string):
        if isinstance(string, UserString):
            return self.data <= string.data
        else:
            return self.data <= string

    def __lt__(self, string):
        if isinstance(string, UserString):
            return self.data < string.data
        else:
            return self.data < string

    def __ge__(self, string):
        if isinstance(string, UserString):
            return self.data >= string.data
        else:
            return self.data >= string

    def __gt__(self, string):
        if isinstance(string, UserString):
            return self.data > string.data
        else:
            return self.data > string

    def __eq__(self, string):
        if isinstance(string, UserString):
            return self.data == string.data
        else:
            return self.data == string

    def __ne__(self, string):
        if isinstance(string, UserString):
            return self.data != string.data
        else:
            return self.data != string

    def __contains__(self, char):
        return char in self.data

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.data)

    def __getitem__(self, index):
        return self.__class__(self.data[index])

    def __getslice__(self, start, end):
        start = max(start, 0)
        end = max(end, 0)
        return self.__class__(self.data[start:end])

    def __add__(self, other):
        if isinstance(other, UserString):
            return self.__class__(self.data + other.data)
        elif isinstance(other, bytes):
            return self.__class__(self.data + other)
        else:
            return self.__class__(self.data + str(other).encode())

    def __radd__(self, other):
        if isinstance(other, bytes):
            return self.__class__(other + self.data)
        else:
            return self.__class__(str(other).encode() + self.data)

    def __mul__(self, n):
        return self.__class__(self.data * n)

    __rmul__ = __mul__

    def __mod__(self, args):
        return self.__class__(self.data % args)

    # the following methods are defined in alphabetical order:
    def capitalize(self):
        return self.__class__(self.data.capitalize())

    def center(self, width, *args):
        return self.__class__(self.data.center(width, *args))

    def count(self, sub, start=0, end=sys.maxsize):
        return self.data.count(sub, start, end)

    def decode(self, encoding=None, errors=None):  # XXX improve this?
        if encoding:
            if errors:
                return self.__class__(self.data.decode(encoding, errors))
            else:
                return self.__class__(self.data.decode(encoding))
        else:
            return self.__class__(self.data.decode())

    def encode(self, encoding=None, errors=None):  # XXX improve this?
        if encoding:
            if errors:
                return self.__class__(self.data.encode(encoding, errors))
            else:
                return self.__class__(self.data.encode(encoding))
        else:
            return self.__class__(self.data.encode())

    def endswith(self, suffix, start=0, end=sys.maxsize):
        return self.data.endswith(suffix, start, end)

    def expandtabs(self, tabsize=8):
        return self.__class__(self.data.expandtabs(tabsize))

    def find(self, sub, start=0, end=sys.maxsize):
        return self.data.find(sub, start, end)

    def index(self, sub, start=0, end=sys.maxsize):
        return self.data.index(sub, start, end)

    def isalpha(self):
        return self.data.isalpha()

    def isalnum(self):
        return self.data.isalnum()

    def isdecimal(self):
        return self.data.isdecimal()

    def isdigit(self):
        return self.data.isdigit()

    def islower(self):
        return self.data.islower()

    def isnumeric(self):
        return self.data.isnumeric()

    def isspace(self):
        return self.data.isspace()

    def istitle(self):
        return self.data.istitle()

    def isupper(self):
        return self.data.isupper()

    def join(self, seq):
        return self.data.join(seq)

    def ljust(self, width, *args):
        return self.__class__(self.data.ljust(width, *args))

    def lower(self):
        return self.__class__(self.data.lower())

    def lstrip(self, chars=None):
        return self.__class__(self.data.lstrip(chars))

    def partition(self, sep):
        return self.data.partition(sep)

    def replace(self, old, new, maxsplit=-1):
        return self.__class__(self.data.replace(old, new, maxsplit))

    def rfind(self, sub, start=0, end=sys.maxsize):
        return self.data.rfind(sub, start, end)

    def rindex(self, sub, start=0, end=sys.maxsize):
        return self.data.rindex(sub, start, end)

    def rjust(self, width, *args):
        return self.__class__(self.data.rjust(width, *args))

    def rpartition(self, sep):
        return self.data.rpartition(sep)

    def rstrip(self, chars=None):
        return self.__class__(self.data.rstrip(chars))

    def split(self, sep=None, maxsplit=-1):
        return self.data.split(sep, maxsplit)

    def rsplit(self, sep=None, maxsplit=-1):
        return self.data.rsplit(sep, maxsplit)

    def splitlines(self, keepends=0):
        return self.data.splitlines(keepends)

    def startswith(self, prefix, start=0, end=sys.maxsize):
        return self.data.startswith(prefix, start, end)

    def strip(self, chars=None):
        return self.__class__(self.data.strip(chars))

    def swapcase(self):
        return self.__class__(self.data.swapcase())

    def title(self):
        return self.__class__(self.data.title())

    def translate(self, *args):
        return self.__class__(self.data.translate(*args))

    def upper(self):
        return self.__class__(self.data.upper())

    def zfill(self, width):
        return self.__class__(self.data.zfill(width))


class MutableString(UserString):
    """mutable string objects

    Python strings are immutable objects.  This has the advantage, that
    strings may be used as dictionary keys.  If this property isn't needed
    and you insist on changing string values in place instead, you may cheat
    and use MutableString.

    But the purpose of this class is an educational one: to prevent
    people from inventing their own mutable string class derived
    from UserString and than forget thereby to remove (override) the
    __hash__ method inherited from UserString.  This would lead to
    errors that would be very hard to track down.

    A faster and better solution is to rewrite your program using lists."""

    def __init__(self, string=""):
        self.data = string

    def __hash__(self):
        raise TypeError("unhashable type (it is mutable)")

    def __setitem__(self, index, sub):
        if index < 0:
            index += len(self.data)
        if index < 0 or index >= len(self.data):
            raise IndexError
        self.data = self.data[:index] + sub + self.data[index + 1 :]

    def __delitem__(self, index):
        if index < 0:
            index += len(self.data)
        if index < 0 or index >= len(self.data):
            raise IndexError
        self.data = self.data[:index] + self.data[index + 1 :]

    def __setslice__(self, start, end, sub):
        start = max(start, 0)
        end = max(end, 0)
        if isinstance(sub, UserString):
            self.data = self.data[:start] + sub.data + self.data[end:]
        elif isinstance(sub, bytes):
            self.data = self.data[:start] + sub + self.data[end:]
        else:
            self.data = self.data[:start] + str(sub).encode() + self.data[end:]

    def __delslice__(self, start, end):
        start = max(start, 0)
        end = max(end, 0)
        self.data = self.data[:start] + self.data[end:]

    def immutable(self):
        return UserString(self.data)

    def __iadd__(self, other):
        if isinstance(other, UserString):
            self.data += other.data
        elif isinstance(other, bytes):
            self.data += other
        else:
            self.data += str(other).encode()
        return self

    def __imul__(self, n):
        self.data *= n
        return self


class String(MutableString, Union):

    _fields_ = [("raw", POINTER(c_char)), ("data", c_char_p)]

    def __init__(self, obj=b""):
        if isinstance(obj, (bytes, UserString)):
            self.data = bytes(obj)
        else:
            self.raw = obj

    def __len__(self):
        return self.data and len(self.data) or 0

    def from_param(cls, obj):
        # Convert None or 0
        if obj is None or obj == 0:
            return cls(POINTER(c_char)())

        # Convert from String
        elif isinstance(obj, String):
            return obj

        # Convert from bytes
        elif isinstance(obj, bytes):
            return cls(obj)

        # Convert from str
        elif isinstance(obj, str):
            return cls(obj.encode())

        # Convert from c_char_p
        elif isinstance(obj, c_char_p):
            return obj

        # Convert from POINTER(c_char)
        elif isinstance(obj, POINTER(c_char)):
            return obj

        # Convert from raw pointer
        elif isinstance(obj, int):
            return cls(cast(obj, POINTER(c_char)))

        # Convert from c_char array
        elif isinstance(obj, c_char * len(obj)):
            return obj

        # Convert from object
        else:
            return String.from_param(obj._as_parameter_)

    from_param = classmethod(from_param)


def ReturnString(obj, func=None, arguments=None):
    return String.from_param(obj)


# As of ctypes 1.0, ctypes does not support custom error-checking
# functions on callbacks, nor does it support custom datatypes on
# callbacks, so we must ensure that all callbacks return
# primitive datatypes.
#
# Non-primitive return values wrapped with UNCHECKED won't be
# typechecked, and will be converted to c_void_p.
def UNCHECKED(type):
    if hasattr(type, "_type_") and isinstance(type._type_, str) and type._type_ != "P":
        return type
    else:
        return c_void_p


# ctypes doesn't have direct support for variadic functions, so we have to write
# our own wrapper class
class _variadic_function(object):
    def __init__(self, func, restype, argtypes, errcheck):
        self.func = func
        self.func.restype = restype
        self.argtypes = argtypes
        if errcheck:
            self.func.errcheck = errcheck

    def _as_parameter_(self):
        # So we can pass this variadic function as a function pointer
        return self.func

    def __call__(self, *args):
        fixed_args = []
        i = 0
        for argtype in self.argtypes:
            # Typecheck what we can
            fixed_args.append(argtype.from_param(args[i]))
            i += 1
        return self.func(*fixed_args + list(args[i:]))


def ord_if_char(value):
    """
    Simple helper used for casts to simple builtin types:  if the argument is a
    string type, it will be converted to it's ordinal value.

    This function will raise an exception if the argument is string with more
    than one characters.
    """
    return ord(value) if (isinstance(value, bytes) or isinstance(value, str)) else value
